“Waqf” is an Arabic word derived from “Waqufa” (وقوف), which means “to stop,” “to stay,” or “to secure.” — Shabu Zaidi
In an Islamic context, Waqf refers to the permanent dedication of property (movable or immovable) in the name of Allah so that it can be used for religious, social, or charitable purposes. Once a property is designated as Waqf, it cannot be sold, transferred, or used for personal purposes. Its objective is to ensure continuous benefits for the welfare of society.
Quranic Message on Waqf
The term “Waqf” is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran, but its underlying concept is linked to the principles of Zakat (obligatory charity), Sadaqah (voluntary charity), and social welfare. Certain Quranic verses encourage philanthropy and charity, providing a foundation for the concept of Waqf. For example:
Surah Al-Baqarah (2:261): “The example of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is like a seed which grows seven spikes; in each spike is a hundred grains. Allah multiplies His reward for whom He wills.”
Surah Aal-E-Imran (3:92): “You will never attain righteousness until you spend from that which you love.”
These verses highlight the importance of giving and dedicating property for the benefit of society, aligning with the core principle of Waqf.
Hadith of Prophet Muhammad
The concept of Waqf receives strong support from the sayings (Hadith) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). One famous Hadith mentions the origin of Waqf:
Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim: A caliph acquired a piece of land in Khaibar and asked the Prophet what the best use for it would be. The Prophet replied, “Hold this property (i.e., prevent it from being sold or distributed) and spend its produce in the way of Allah. It should neither be sold, gifted, nor inherited.” Subsequently, the companion dedicated the land as Waqf, which was used to help the poor, relatives, and the needy.
This Hadith underscores the permanent nature of Waqf and its social benefits. In another Hadith, the Prophet said:
“When a person dies, their deeds come to an end except for three: Sadaqah Jariyah (ongoing charity), knowledge that benefits others, and righteous offspring who pray for them.” (Sahih Muslim)
Here, “Sadaqah Jariyah” is understood to include Waqf.
Waqf Boards and Their Income in OIC Countries
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) comprises 57 member states, many of which have Waqf systems, though not always formally implemented as “Waqf Boards.” Some notable examples include:
Saudi Arabia: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah, and Guidance manages Waqf properties. The income is used for mosques, madrasas, and aiding the poor.
Turkey: Known as “Vakıf,” Waqf is managed by the General Directorate of Foundations. It contributes to education, healthcare, and the preservation of historical sites.
Egypt: The Ministry of Awqaf oversees Waqf properties, utilizing the income for mosques and religious education.
Pakistan: Waqf properties are managed by provincial “Auqaf Departments,” with income directed toward religious sites and social welfare.
Indonesia: The “Badan Wakaf Indonesia” (Indonesian Waqf Board) regulates Waqf, focusing on education and poverty alleviation.
Income and Humanitarian Work
Exact global figures for Waqf income are unavailable due to variations across countries and a lack of transparency. However, some estimates include:
Saudi Arabia: Waqf properties generate billions of riyals annually, funding facilities in Mecca and Medina, education, and healthcare.
Turkey: With historically rich Waqf assets, annual income (estimated at around $200 million) supports schools, hospitals, and food distribution for the poor.
India: India has over 870,000 Waqf properties. According to the Sachar Committee (2006), they generate only ₹163 crore annually, though their potential income could reach ₹12,000 crore. This income supports mosques, madrasas, and scholarships.
Utilization of Waqf Income and Charitable Trusts in Muslim Countries
In Muslim countries, Waqf income is used similarly to charitable trusts but adheres to Islamic law (Sharia) guidelines. The process involves:
Management: Waqf properties are managed by a trustee (Mutawalli) or a government body (e.g., Waqf Board).
Utilization: Income is allocated to mosque maintenance, religious education, feeding the poor, healthcare, and supporting orphans.
Oversight: Governments or religious institutions in many countries monitor usage to prevent misuse. For instance, Kuwait’s “Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation” oversees this.
Transparency: In some countries like India and Pakistan, full utilization of Waqf income is lacking, leading to calls for reform.
Estimated Impact
Globally, Waqf properties are valued in billions of dollars, though much remains underdeveloped or disputed. This income provides education, healthcare, and basic amenities to millions, particularly in poor Muslim communities.
In summary, Waqf is an Islamic tradition that serves as a means to dedicate property for societal welfare, and in OIC countries, it continues to serve humanity in various forms.
